This talk tries to shed light on the intellectual and religio-political roles played by Muslim "intellectual agents" in Europe during the interwar years and up until the rest of World War II (1918-1946). It represents a step towards a systematic global approach of Muslim connections in interwar Europe. How did Muslims in interwar Europe act and interact with each other; and within the European socio-political and cultural context? The talk shall try to contribute to our historical conceptualization of Europe as much as to our understanding of the contemporary scene of Islam in Europe and the world today, without resorting to a neatly tailored hypothesis. Many Muslim groups in the West nowadays still trace their heritage to the ideas of the great reformers of the early 20th century. More historical reflection on Islam in Europe can put the present "fear" for Islamization of the West into perspective.